EQUIPMENT

The equipment on a production is usually rented. If you intend to have a long career in movies, as I expect most of the readers of this book desire, I recommend that you buy the basic equipment along the way. If you're making your first professional movie, shoot 35mm. If your budget is $50,000 or more, shoot 35mm.
If your budget is less than $50,000. shoot 16mm. Never, never, never shoot video! I don't care what technology they develop. Even if it's better than film, don't shoot video! Because video is video. Video will always be video. Video is not film. And you're a Film Maker! Otherwise, why are you reading this book?

You've noticed I go a little nuts when the subject of video comes up. So let me give you one more suggestion about video before going on. Don't allow any video technology on the set! That means, "No video assist!" Forget even you heard me mention it! This means no monitors on the set!

Your camera person, whether you shoot yourself or call that person a cinematographer or a DP, is the only one to put their eye on the eyepiece while the shot is in progress. If you don't trust that person, why use him or her to shoot your picture in the first place?

Think "one camera" when you shoot. Rarely, use two cameras. Let's say, you're shooting a car going over a cliff or exploding or a miniature helicopter exploding or whatever, (you get the idea?) okay, use two cameras. You might want to use the best of the two shots, because of some fluke accident that resulted in producing a better picture from the camera position that you considered to be your second best angle or frame. But, once you have two shots of explosion or action, please do yourself the biggest favor: don't use both shots and overlap the explosion! It's been done to death. And it will alert your audience to the fact that they are watching a movie and not a depiction of reality, you know what I mean? You do know that much about film making, right? Don't feel bad. I'm not trying to insult you. I've done the same thing myself: double explosions, double punches, double everything -- nobody ever gets impressed anymore, and maybe no one ever did!

One camera is cheaper to rent. One camera shoots less film. One camera position is a good discipline because you want to be the kind of film maker who knows what is good and makes up the artistic decision to get it on film just like that.

Whatever camera you can afford on your budget, rent that one. Don't listen to anybody. Don't feel bad that some other hotshot director uses a fancier camera.
All a camera does is move the film twenty-four frames per second through the gate. Any camera that can do that you can use it to make a feature film. Believe me! I know what I'm talking about. If you can afford to use a fancier camera that will make your camera person happy, all right, go ahead. Sometimes when you have the choice that's a wonderful idea. You can make a better movie that way. But don't let the camera rental cost stop you from making your movie! That's all I'm saying.

One more recommendation on camera equipment: try, try real hard not to even have a zoom lens on the set. Short of breaking it, do everything you can to eliminate it from the script as a requirement. For example, if the script calls for "WE ZOOM IN on the telephone," take an indelible ink marker or a thick-pointed sharpie and cross out "WE ZOOM IN on" and write clearly over it "INSERT of"! You can ask the camera assistant to get the shot at the end of the day. He or she will love you for it. All the camera crews die for a chance like that! 

And you'll save four hours of lighting the shot and setting up dolly tracks and all, because otherwise why have you been carrying the dolly and tracks for three weeks if you're not going to use them? See what I mean? You'll save about $5,000 by doing the insert! And it's better! Who the hell wants a zoom and dolly shot of a telephone? I know it was my idea in the first place. I'm not getting myself excited over nothing; it happened to me!

Rent a couple of tripods and a high hat. Rent a fluid head big enough to handle your size camera. The O'Connors are good. The O'Connor 100 for 35mm, the O'Connor 50 for 16mm. The Worrall head is fine, if you have an operator who can use it.

For sound, rent a Nagra. It doesn't matter what model Nagra. Just like the camera. If it's working all right, it's good enough. You have the money in your budget for a fancy model, all right, make your sound person happy! Why not? You'll get better sound.

Rent a boom and a mid-range mic, like the Sennheiser 416. Use this on the boom as much as you can, whenever you can. You'll get the best sound possible. Also rent a shotgun mic, like the Sennheiser 816. It comes in handy on some difficult locations where you need the narrower reception angle, to isolate extraneous sounds.

If you're doing a low budget picture, stay away from radio mics! In fact stay away from them, period! Trust me on this one! If your sound person insists on having them, run for your life! I know that there are exceptions, when a radio mic can be useful; but, don't use them anyway, because they'll kill you ... financially, of course. One way or another, no matter how you cut it, you'll find out you were better off not having used them. So don't even think of them. There are ways you can do the same thing with conventional mics.

If you're budget allows it you can rent other equipment. On low budget productions, a couple of reflectors are great. If your budget is below $250,000 never use lights outdoors! Use reflectors only! You can use four or even more if need be, but stick with them. You can't afford a generator and ten Ten-Ks, or HMIs.
For indoors, rent a maximum of four lights on low budget productions. Most of the time you'll use only two, a key and a fill. You can rent two One-Ks, one 500 Watt and one Soft Two-K -- if your budget is about $150,000.

You'll need some flags, nets, cutters, etc. You'll get an earful from your camera department, so be very conservative, otherwise they'll drive you up the wall with demands for equipment. They'll claim you won't get a well-lit picture. Don't believe it. If they're good, they'll give you the best on whatever they get. That's one great thing about American crews, they're resourceful and creative! Push them, if you're short on budget. They have pride and will give you their best. You'll never know the difference in the look of the film whether you spent $5,000 or $10,000 on a lighting and grip package.

If you can afford a grip and lighting truck, what can I say, they're great; but, don't let the fact that you can't afford anything more than a station wagon with a couple of reflectors and some 3200 K lamps for practicals (household fixtures) to prevent you from making a movie!

There are some necessary requirements imposed by the script, however. If you need fog machines, you need fog machines. And on some pictures you must have a lot of light. If your budget is pushing a million, you can afford the best equipment. You can secure great deals at Panavision and other first rate rental houses. They take a lot of pride in their ability to work with young film makers and serious professionals making their first big pictures. They bend over backwards to help. Just be up front with them about your needs and they'll often make the impossible possible for you in rental packages. It's most important that you take excellent care of the equipment you rent. That's your lifeline in making it in the business.

Table of Contents

Part I.
The Screenplay.
Story Construction.
Script Formats.
Story-Boarding.

Part II.
Pre-Production.
Script Breakdown.

Budgeting.
Financing.
Casting.
Crew Selection.
Production Manager.
Cinematographer.
Operator/ Focus Puller/Loader/Slate.
Sound Recordist.
Boom.
Continuity Person.
Art Director.
Costume Designer.
Gaffer.
Key Grip.
Prop Person.
Make-Up & Hair.
Production Assistant.
Editor.
Equipment.
Studio & Location Scouting.
Lab Procedures.
Catering.
Insurance.

Part III.
Production.
Producer.
Director.
Hierarchy of Command.
Setting Up the First Shot. 
Procedure for Shooting a Scene. 
Language of Film. 
Long Shot. 
Medium Shot. 
Close-up. 
Aesthetics. 
Coverage.
Sticking to Schedule. 
Sticking to Budget. 
Directing Actors. 
Controlling Technicals. 
Special Effects. 
Special Processes and Genres. 
Finishing Principle Photography. 
Pick-Ups. 

Part IV.
Post-Production. 
Editing. 

Dialogue Cutting. 
Cutting Action. 
Techniques. 
Artistic Considerations. 
Equipment. 
The Editor. 
Editing Music. 
Sound Effects Editing.
ADR & Dubbing. 
The Mix. 
Negative Cutting. 
Printing the Film. 
The Answer Print. 
Release Prints. 

Part V.
Distribution. 
Finding a Distributor. 
Majors' Distribution. 
Mini-Majors. 
Independent Distributors. 
Distributing Your Own Film. 
The Foreign Market. 
Domestic Distribution. 
Festivals. 
Four-Walling. 
Video, TV & Ancillary Markets. 
Building Your Library of Films. 
Business Options. 
Corporations. 
Limited Partnerships. 
Public Offerings. 
Conclusions.