BUDGETING

Budgeting is an excellent skill to develop as a film maker. It will enable you to complete your films in a reasonable time, allow you the opportunity of being a dependable supplier of products for distribution and ultimately a successful career financially. Don't scoff at this. Wait until you get older!

Here are some things to remember. Shoot 35mm. Budget no less than $50,000. Certain scripts and genres can be made for that. It's very hard! It takes a lot of experience. If you must shoot on this kind of budget, don't use the standard budget forms. You'll be over-budget before you complete the first sheet of the standard studio budget forms. Create your own budget format. List all the deferred services and supplies separately. For example, if you're the writer and director and you own the picture, why bother entering a triple salary for yourself at this stage?

Most of your money will be spent on film stock and lab services, with this kind of budget. If this is your first film, pay your lab bill as you go! Otherwise, you'll think all kinds of ugly things when the going gets rough. You may never be able to complete your film when you run out of money and the pressure starts to mount. And it may be the last picture you'll ever make, if you put the lab in a difficult spot. And if the picture is your baby you'll never forgive yourself later when the lab sells it for "storage charges" to a total stranger!

Most 35mm low-budget movies can be made for $100,000 to $200,000. If you can't make your money back on this kind of budget, don't make another film on your own until you've gained some experience. It doesn't matter how long you've been wanting to make a movie or how many movies you've worked on.
On this kind of budget you can pay all your actors something. That means you can get competent, non-union actors for the picture. 

Many "industry types" will tell you that such actors don't exist. I'll tell you, not only do they exist, but there are actors in the same phase of their career as you are, just getting off the ground, who avoid joining unions just to have the opportunity of a substantial role in an independent movie - a chance they won't get if they join the unions first! Be patient, be humble, and be compassionate when dealing with such talent. They are the best friends you'll ever make in this business. 

And here's another thing to keep in mind. These actors are usually more advanced and sophisticated than you are, because it's harder for them to get to their level of competence and then to have to willingly work in a sub-standard production. Remember all you had to do to be a film producer is come up with $100,000 and, with all your gifts, you're probably making your first picture, while actors have not only education usually , but also they've been in plenty of plays and possibly some movies and television. 

And you have budgetary constraints on how much production value you can squeeze into a movie, but they have to perform at top level, as though they were working on a union picture -- otherwise the film won't make the grade. 

Maybe you're lucky and you got $250,000 to $500,000 at your disposal. You're in fact in a position to make an excellent "B Movie." Okay, you're playing in a different ballpark from that of an independent film maker. You got the money to make some serious damage! You have the opportunity to do a union picture with respect to your actors only! If you try to make an all union picture with this kind of money, I might as well tell you right now, in very sincere but by necessity unceremonious terms, you're gonna get killed -- maybe literally. I hate shocking people like this; but, believe me, I would consider it very irresponsible to write such a book as this and not tell you, dear potential film maker, about the certainty of the danger awaiting you if you falter one step here. You got plenty to worry about just dealing with actors' managers, agents and unions at this point, to be further hampered with union crew demands at your back. Notice when you're directing your actors, your back is to the crew -- the actors are in front of you, you can watch them, you know how they feel, you're prepared to deal with them! We hope. But the crew is right behind you, ready to tear you apart if you break the union rules!

Now with this kind of budget, your lab expenses are constant; therefore, you have the opportunity to get actors from $100,000 to $400,000. This is where you need the help of casting people, (if you don't have contacts with actors directly). You'd be surprised whom you can get for that kind of money: name actors from TV -- in-between productions or seasons, character actors from big pictures, one or two-day acting stints by big name actors -- in the right roles! You get the picture?

This is the kind of budget the independent distributors love to "pick up" in a feature. Tell'em you made it for a million bucks. You shouldn't care whether they believe you or not; just make sure you get the negative cost (the money you spent on it) in advance, upon signing, before you give them the picture -- regardless of what other percentage you're supposed to get. If you don't for any reason, you may very likely lose all your money!
From $500,000 to $1,000,000 budget a picture is graduating towards the "A film" category. Just because the film is graduating that doesn't mean as a film maker you are qualified to make such a film a success.

The problem is in recovering that kind of money. Period. Avoid spending that kind of money on an independent movie -- it's just not cost effective. The markets don't support that kind of budget, with its restrictive production values. A film like this may become a cross between a "B film" and an "A film," "neither fish nor fowl." There are exceptions; but, this is a difficult budget category, except for possible production outside the US or in co-production deals, where you're matched by foreign companies dollar for dollar, and then in such cases you're making an "A film" really. I'll discuss this later.

The "A film" budget for independent film makers begins at $1,000,000. And the maximum limit, at this writing these days, is $5,000,000. That means, as far as I'm concerned, if you're making your own picture and you've reached the stage when you can spend that kind of money on a production, and you decide to go over that, you're mad. Sorry, it's only my opinion. Call me whatever you like, but understand that I don't want you to get hurt. After all you bought my book. You're a customer. You're king!

Table of Contents

Part I.
The Screenplay.
Story Construction.
Script Formats.
Story-Boarding.

Part II.
Pre-Production.
Script Breakdown.

Budgeting.
Financing.
Casting.
Crew Selection.
Production Manager.
Cinematographer.
Operator/ Focus Puller/Loader/Slate.
Sound Recordist.
Boom.
Continuity Person.
Art Director.
Costume Designer.
Gaffer.
Key Grip.
Prop Person.
Make-Up & Hair.
Production Assistant.
Editor.
Equipment.
Studio & Location Scouting.
Lab Procedures.
Catering.
Insurance.

Part III.
Production.
Producer.
Director.
Hierarchy of Command.
Setting Up the First Shot. 
Procedure for Shooting a Scene. 
Language of Film. 
Long Shot. 
Medium Shot. 
Close-up. 
Aesthetics. 
Coverage.
Sticking to Schedule. 
Sticking to Budget. 
Directing Actors. 
Controlling Technicals. 
Special Effects. 
Special Processes and Genres. 
Finishing Principle Photography. 
Pick-Ups. 

Part IV.
Post-Production. 
Editing. 

Dialogue Cutting. 
Cutting Action. 
Techniques. 
Artistic Considerations. 
Equipment. 
The Editor. 
Editing Music. 
Sound Effects Editing.
ADR & Dubbing. 
The Mix. 
Negative Cutting. 
Printing the Film. 
The Answer Print. 
Release Prints. 

Part V.
Distribution. 
Finding a Distributor. 
Majors' Distribution. 
Mini-Majors. 
Independent Distributors. 
Distributing Your Own Film. 
The Foreign Market. 
Domestic Distribution. 
Festivals. 
Four-Walling. 
Video, TV & Ancillary Markets. 
Building Your Library of Films. 
Business Options. 
Corporations. 
Limited Partnerships. 
Public Offerings. 
Conclusions.